San Juan, capital and largest city of Puerto Rico, located on the northern coast of the island, on the Atlantic Ocean. A major port and tourist resort of the West Indies, it is the oldest city now under U.S. jurisdiction. Originally, the settlement was known as Puerto Rico and the island as San Juan, but common usage over the centuries brought about a reversal of the names. Pop. (2000) 426,618; San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo Metro Area, 2,509,007; (2010) 381,931; San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo Metro Area, 2,478,905.

History and architecture

In 1508 the Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León founded the original settlement, Caparra, on the almost landlocked harbour just to the west of the present metropolitan area. In 1521 the settlement was moved to a rocky islet at the harbour entrance. Casa Blanca (“White House”) was begun that same year and was owned by Ponce de León’s family until the late 18th century. In 1533 the Spanish began construction of massive fortifications in response to attacks by native Taino and by rival European powers. The bulwark-palace known as La Fortaleza, built near Casa Blanca, was the first of the new defenses (it now houses the governor’s mansion). San Felipe del Morro castle (also called El Morro) was constructed next, on a high bluff overlooking San Juan Bay.

In the early 16th century San Juan was the point of departure for Spanish expeditions to unknown parts of the New World. Its fortifications repulsed the English navigator Sir Francis Drake in 1595 as well as later attackers, but George Clifford, 3rd earl of Cumberland, captured it briefly in 1598, and a Dutch force took the city from the landward side in 1625. In response, the fortress of San Cristóbal, the largest Spanish fort in the New World, was built to the northeast, and, from 1634 to 1638, walls were erected across the southern part of the city, facing the harbour. The bastions existing today were largely added during the period 1765–83. In May 1898 the guns of San Cristóbal engaged a U.S. fleet that bombarded the city. Puerto Rico became a U.S. territory under the terms of the Treaty of Paris that same year.

Ponce de León is buried in San Juan’s cathedral, which was begun in 1521 and rebuilt in 1540 and again in 1802. San José Church, begun in 1532, is the oldest church in continuous use in the Western Hemisphere. La Casa del Callejón (“House of the Narrow Street”) includes museums of colonial architecture and of Puerto Rican family life. La Casa del Libro (1955; “House of the Book”) is a rare-book library and museum housed in an 18th-century structure. Ponce de León’s Casa Blanca has been converted into a historical museum, and another 18th-century house has become a museum preserving the manuscripts, personal effects, and instruments of Spanish cellist Pablo Casals, who lived in Puerto Rico from 1956 to 1973. San Juan National Historic Site (1949) includes the El Morro and San Cristóbal fortifications; this area, along with La Fortaleza, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1983.

The contemporary city

In the 20th century San Juan expanded rapidly beyond its walled confines (now known as Old San Juan) to incorporate suburban Miramar, Santurce, and Condado, along the coast, as well as industrial Hato Rey, with its large sports stadium and modern financial district, and the town of Río Piedras, immediately to the southeast. By 1980 the San Juan metropolitan area included the surrounding municipalities to the east and west and had about one-third of Puerto Rico’s total population; that proportion has grown to two-thirds of the population. In a move to decentralize the old city, many government offices and agencies were moved across the bay, but the governor’s palace has remained in use. Traffic congestion became a serious problem as the city grew, and, in an effort to reduce automobile use, the first line of a regional rapid-transit rail system opened in 2004.

The San Juan metropolitan area is the largest industrial and processing centre of the island, with facilities for petroleum and sugar refining, tobacco processing, brewing, and rum distilling. Cement, pharmaceuticals, metal products, and clothing are also produced. San Juan is the island’s financial capital, and many U.S. banks and corporations maintain offices or distributing centres there. Tourism is a major component of the local economy, visitors being drawn to the extensively restored Old San Juan district and the area’s luxury resort hotels (particularly in Condado). The port of San Juan handles both cargo and a large number of cruise ships, and the city’s international airport (named after Luis Muñoz Marín, the island’s first elected governor) is just outside Old San Juan; both facilities are among the busiest in the Caribbean.